Fever – Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Diagnosis, Diet, Prevention, and Treatment
Introduction
Fever, also known as pyrexia, is a common medical condition characterized by a temporary increase in body temperature. Often, it signals that the body is fighting off an infection or other underlying illness. Although fever is not a disease itself, it serves as a symptom of various health issues ranging from mild viral infections to serious medical conditions.
Understanding the causes, signs and symptoms, dietary requirements, diagnostic methods, prevention techniques, and treatment options can help manage fever efficiently and avoid complications.
What is Fever?
Fever is defined as a temporary elevation of body temperature above the normal range, typically above 100.4°F (38°C). It is a defense mechanism triggered by the immune system in response to an infection or inflammation.
Normal body temperature:
Average: 98.6°F (37°C)
Range: 97°F to 99°F (36.1°C to 37.2°C)
Types of Fever:
1. Low-grade fever: 100.4°F – 102.2°F (38°C – 39°C)
2. Moderate fever: 102.2°F – 104°F (39°C – 40°C)
3. High fever: 104°F – 106°F (40°C – 41.1°C)
4. Hyperpyrexia: Above 106°F (41.1°C) – a medical emergency
Causes of Fever
Fever can be triggered by a variety of conditions. Here are the most common causes:
1. Infections
Viral: Influenza, common cold, dengue, COVID-19, viral gastroenteritis
Bacterial: Pneumonia, urinary tract infection (UTI), strep throat, tuberculosis
Parasitic: Malaria, toxoplasmosis
Fungal: Histoplasmosis, candidiasis
2. Inflammatory Conditions
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
3. Heat-Related Illnesses
• Heat exhaustion
• Heatstroke
4. Vaccinations
Children may experience low-grade fever after immunization.
5. Medications
Some drugs may trigger drug-induced fever as a side effect.
6. Cancer
Certain cancers, like lymphoma or leukemia, can cause persistent fever.
7. Hormonal Disorders
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid)
Signs and Symptoms of Fever
Fever symptoms vary depending on the cause and severity. Common symptoms include:
General Symptoms
• Elevated body temperature
• Chills and shivering
• Sweating
• Headache
• Body aches and joint pain
• Fatigue or weakness
Irritability
• Loss of appetite
• Severe or Specific Symptoms
• Rash (in viral fevers or dengue)
Dehydration
• Rapid heart rate (tachycardia)
• Breathing difficulty
• Confusion (especially in elderly)
• Seizures (common in children with very high fevers)
Diagnosis of Fever
1. Medical History and Physical Examination
Doctors usually begin with:
• Detailed symptom history
• Recent travel
• Exposure to sick individuals
• Vaccination status
2. Body Temperature Measurement
Thermometer readings from mouth, armpit, ear, or rectum
3. Laboratory Tests
Blood tests: CBC (complete blood count), ESR, CRP
Urinalysis: To detect UTIs
Blood cultures: To identify bloodstream infections
Serology tests: For viral infections like dengue, COVID-19, typhoid
Chest X-ray: For suspected pneumonia or tuberculosis
Diet in Fever
Nutrition plays a critical role in recovery from fever. A balanced and easily digestible diet helps boost the immune system and prevent dehydration.
1. Stay Hydrated
• Drink plenty of water, oral rehydration solutions (ORS), herbal teas, and coconut water
• Avoid caffeine and sugary drinks
2. Light and Nutritious Foods
• Khichdi, boiled rice, oatmeal
• Soups (vegetable/chicken)
• Steamed vegetables
• Toast, crackers
3. Immune-Boosting Foods
• Citrus fruits (rich in Vitamin C): oranges, lemons
• Ginger, garlic, turmeric
• Yogurt (probiotic benefits)
4. Foods to Avoid
• Fried, spicy, and oily foods
• Processed and junk food
• Cold beverages and ice creams
• Excess sugar
5. Frequent Small Meals
Eat smaller meals every 2-3 hours to maintain energy levels
Prevention of Fever
While not all fevers are preventable, certain habits can reduce the risk of infections and illnesses that cause fever.
1. Personal Hygiene
• Wash hands regularly with soap
• Avoid touching face with unwashed hands
• Use hand sanitizers when outside
2. Vaccination
Stay up to date on immunizations (influenza, COVID-19, typhoid, hepatitis)
3. Safe Food and Water
• Drink clean and purified water
• Avoid street food and unwashed fruits
4. Avoid Close Contact
• Keep distance from people showing flu or infection symptoms
• Wear a mask in crowded areas or during outbreaks
5. Insect Protection
Use mosquito nets and repellents to prevent diseases like malaria and dengue
Treatment of Fever
The treatment of fever depends on the underlying cause. In most cases, mild fever subsides on its own, but persistent or high-grade fever needs medical attention.
1. Home Remedies
• Rest and stay hydrated
• Apply a cold compress to the forehead
• Take lukewarm sponge baths
2. Over-the-Counter Medications
Paracetamol (acetaminophen): First choice for fever and pain
Ibuprofen: For fever and inflammation
Aspirin: Not recommended for children due to risk of Reye’s syndrome
3. Antibiotics
• Only prescribed for bacterial infections (e.g., UTI, pneumonia)
• Must be taken as prescribed – do not self-medicate
4. Antiviral/Antifungal Medications
Used for specific viral or fungal infections based on diagnosis
5. Hospitalization
• May be needed in cases of:
• Very high fever (>104°F)
• Seizures or unconsciousness
• Suspected serious infection (like sepsis, meningitis)
Elderly or infants with severe symptoms
When to See a Doctor
Seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
• Fever higher than 103°F (39.4°C)
• Fever lasting more than 3 days
• Difficulty breathing or chest pain
• Severe headache or stiff neck
• Skin rashes with fever
• Confusion, seizures, or unconsciousness
• Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
Fever in Children and Infants
√ Infants and young children are more vulnerable to complications from fever.
• Warning Signs in Infants (<3 months):
• Fever over 100.4°F (38°C)
• Poor feeding
Weak cry or lethargy
Fever in Toddlers and Older Children:
• Monitor hydration and activity levels
• Use fever-reducing medications as per doctor’s advice
• Keep child cool and lightly clothed
Complications of Untreated Fever
Prolonged or very high fever can lead to:
Dehydration
• Febrile seizures (especially in children)
• Brain damage in extreme hyperpyrexia
• Organ dysfunction in severe infections like sepsis
Myths and Facts about Fever
Myth Fact
Fever is always dangerous Most fevers are mild and self-limiting
You should always treat a fever immediately Not all fevers require treatment unless uncomfortable or high
Antibiotics cure all fevers Antibiotics only work for bacterial infections, not viral
Cold showers bring down fever quickly Lukewarm sponge baths are more effective and safer
Conclusion
Fever is a common yet significant symptom that acts as a signal of underlying infection or inflammation. While most fevers are manageable at home with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications, it is vital to monitor symptoms closely and seek medical help when necessary. A good diet during fever aids recovery and supports the immune system. With proper hygiene, vaccination, and timely medical intervention, fevers can be effectively treated and prevented.
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Writer: Vandita Singh, Lucknow (GS India Nursing Group)