Definition of pneumonia:- It is an inflammation of lung parenchyma which is associated with market increase interstitial and alveolar fluid. Pneumonia is the inflammation of lungs parenchyma associated with Interstitial and alveolar fluid accumulation.
Caused:-
- Bacteria — diplococcus pneumoniae, streptococci, streptococcus aureus.
- Fungus — Candida
- Virus — CMV (cytomegalovirus virus), adenovirus, influenza virus,
Clinical manifestation:-
- Fever (high in bacterial infection and mild in viral infection).
- Chills.
- Sweating.
- Pleuritic pain.
- Coughing.
- Sputum production.
- Haemoptysis (cough with blood).
- Dyspnea.
- Hot (pallor skin).
- Low O2 saturation.
- Dull sound produce on percussion.
- Unequal chest wall expansion.
- Weakness.
- Coughing.
- Shortness of breath.
- Rapid shallow breathing.
- Loss of appetite.
- Fatigue.
- Lethargy.
- Chest pain.
- Sneezing and runny nose.
- Sore throat.
- Headache.
- Malaise
- Chest indrawing.
- Restlessness.
- Anorexia.
- Fear of death.
Rics factors:-
- Air pollution/Aspiration.
- Bed rest/prolonged immobility.
- Chronic lung disease.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Endotracheal incubation.
- Full day smoker.
- Growing malnutrition.
- HIV.
- Immunosuppressive therapy.
- Chronic of obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Poor nutrition.
- Kidney Disease.
- Heart failure.
- Sever infection
- Smoking
- Alcoholism
Complication of pneumonia:-
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome. (ARDS). This is a severe from of respiratory failure.
- Lungs abscess. These are pockets of pus that from inside or around the lung.
- Respiratory failure. These requires the use of a breathing machine or ventilator.
- Pleural effusion. (Fluid accumulation around the lungs).
- Difficulty of breathing.
- Severe hypoxemia.
- Empyma.
- Endocarditis.
- Death.
Types of Pneumonia:-
Bronchopneumonia:- (Bacterial pneumonia) A type of pneumonia that cause of inflammation in the alveoli.
Lobular Pneumonia:- It is a serious infection in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid. Lobular pneumonia affects one or more section (lobes) of the lungs.
Patchy Pneumonia:- Pneumonia is an infection of the air sacs of the lungs that often produces a patchy or opaque appearance X-Ray.
Lobula Pneumonia: in this pneumonia, any whone lobes of the lungs are affected.
Diagnose:-
- Chest X-Ray
- Blood investigation
- Lung biopsy
- Thorecentesis
- Bronchoscopy
- Medical history
- History collection
- Physical examination
Management:-
- Prevention of Pneumonia by vaccination.
- Use of antibiotic therapy for treatment.
- Penicillin.
- Erythromycin.
- Cephalosporin.
- Amikacin (drugs of choice).
- Ampicillin.
- Ceftriaxone.
- Bronchodilators are used
- Analgesics for chest pain e.g. Aspirin.
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