Testosterone: Functions, Production Site, Importance, Disorders, Treatment
Testosterone is one of the most essential hormones in the human body. It plays a major role in sexual development, reproduction, muscle growth, bone strength, mood, and overall health. While testosterone is commonly associated with males, females also produce it in smaller amounts and rely on it for various physiological functions.
This comprehensive article explains everything about testosterone: its production site, functions, disorders, regulation, diagnosis, treatment options, natural boosters, and frequently asked questions.
What is Testosterone?
Testosterone is a steroid hormone and is classified as an androgen, responsible for male sexual characteristics. It is produced primarily in the testes in males and in the ovaries and adrenal glands in females.
Biochemically, testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and regulated by the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis.
Where is Testosterone Produced?
Gender Primary Site Secondary Site Secretion Control
Male Testes (Leydig cells) Adrenal glands Pituitary gland releases LH (Luteinizing hormone)
Female Ovaries (Theca cells) Adrenal glands Hypothalamus & pituitary control
How Testosterone Release is Controlled
• Hypothalamus releases GnRH →
• Pituitary releases LH and FSH →
• LH stimulates Leydig cells →
• Testosterone production increases →
• Negative feedback regulates balance
Functions of Testosterone in Males and Females
In Males
Testosterone is responsible for:
• Formation of male sexual organs
• Deepening of voice during puberty
• Facial and body hair growth
• Increased muscle mass and strength
• Sperm production (spermatogenesis)
• Libido and sexual performance
• Aggression and confidence
• Red blood cell production
• Bone strength and density
Normal male testosterone level: 300–1000 ng/dL
In Females
Although testosterone levels are lower, it remains crucial for:
• Ovarian function
• Sexual desire and arousal
• Bone health
• Muscle strength
• Mood stability and cognitive function
Normal female testosterone level: 15–70 ng/dL
Importance of Testosterone in the Human Body
System Role of Testosterone Health Impact if Low
Reproductive Sperm production & fertility Infertility, low sex drive
Musculoskeletal Muscle growth & bone density Weak muscles, fractures
Psychological Mood, memory & motivation Depression, brain fog
Metabolic Fat distribution & energy Obesity, diabetes risk
Red Blood Cells Supports production Fatigue, anemia
Testosterone is essential for quality of life—from physical performance to emotional well-being.
Testosterone Levels with Age
Testosterone peaks in late teens to early 20s, then declines:
Age Approx. Drop
30+ 1% decline per year
40–59 noticeable decrease in libido/energy
60+ risk of late-onset hypogonadism
Lifestyle factors like obesity, alcoholism, and stress accelerate decline.
Low Testosterone: Causes, Symptoms & Risk Factors
Causes of Low Testosterone (Hypogonadism)
• Aging
• Obesity
• Chronic diseases (diabetes, kidney/liver disease)
• Injuries to testes
• Chemotherapy or radiation therapy
• Testicular cancer
• Pituitary tumors
• Drug or steroid misuse
• Excessive alcohol intake
• Stress and sleep disorders
Symptoms of Low Testosterone
In Males
• Reduced libido and erectile dysfunction
• Decreased muscle mass
• Increased body fat (especially belly)
• Hair loss
• Fatigue, depression, irritability
• Reduced bone density → fractures
• Infertility (low sperm count)
In Females
• Low sexual desire and arousal
• Reduced vaginal lubrication
• Irregular menstrual cycles
• Loss of muscle tone
• Mood swings and anxiety
High Testosterone: Causes & Symptoms
High testosterone is less common but may occur due to:
• Anabolic steroid abuse
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in females
• Testicular/adrenal tumors
• Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Symptoms of High Testosterone
Males
• Aggressive behavior
• Acne, oily skin
• Liver damage (if steroid-related)
• Infertility
In Females
• Excess body & facial hair (hirsutism)
• Deepening of voice
• Irregular periods
• Male-pattern baldness
Diagnosis: How Testosterone Levels Are Tested?
1. Blood test (morning sample, 7–10 AM is best)
2. Tests also include:
• LH, FSH levels
• SHBG (Sex Hormone Binding Globulin)
• Free testosterone
• Sperm analysis (if fertility concerns)
Doctors diagnose based on symptoms + multiple lab evaluations.
Treatment for Testosterone Imbalance
Low Testosterone Treatment
Treatment Description Considerations
Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT) Patches, gels, pellets, injections, nasal sprays Regular monitoring needed
Lifestyle changes Exercise, sleep, stress reduction First-line recommendation
Treat underlying diseases Thyroid, diabetes, obesity Improves hormone balance
Clomiphene citrate Stimulates natural testosterone Useful in fertility concerns
TRT improves libido, mood, muscle mass—but may cause side effects like acne, infertility, and increased RBC count.
High Testosterone Treatment
Depending on cause:
• Treat tumors (if present)
• Anti-androgen medications
• Hormonal birth control (for PCOS)
• Lifestyle changes (weight loss, stress control)
Natural Ways to Boost Testosterone
Scientifically supported tips:
• Exercise, especially strength training
• Maintain healthy weight
• Adequate protein, zinc, omega-3, and vitamin D
• Manage stress, avoid smoking and alcohol
• Improve sleep quality (7–9 hours/night)
• Avoid plastics containing BPA (endocrine disruptors)
Foods that help:
• Eggs, tuna, salmon
• Almonds, walnuts
• Spinach, broccoli
• Pomegranate, banana
• Olive oil and avocado
Avoid:
• High-sugar diets
• Excessive soy in men
• Junk food and trans fats
Testosterone Disorders in Females: PCOS
PCOS leads to abnormal testosterone levels and symptoms like:
• Irregular/absent periods
• Increased acne and facial hair
• Infertility
• Weight gain
Treatment:
• Diet + exercise
• Metformin
• Anti-androgen therapy
• Hormonal contraceptives
Testosterone & Mental Health
Healthy testosterone levels support:
• Confidence and motivation
• Cognitive sharpness
• Emotional stability
Low levels can lead to:
• Anxiety and depression
• Memory impairment
• Irritability
Hormonal balance is key to psychological well-being.
Role of Testosterone in Cardiovascular Health
Moderate testosterone supports:
• Healthy lipid profile
• Strong heart muscles
• Better blood flow
But excessive testosterone may increase risk of:
• Blood clots
• Hypertension
• Heart attack (especially in steroid users)
Balance is essential — too low or too high both harmful.
Testosterone & Sexual Health
Aspect Role of Testosterone
Libido Increases sexual desire
Penile erection Supports nitric oxide release
Fertility Essential for sperm production
Vaginal health Lubrication & sensitivity in women
Low testosterone affects intimacy and relationships.
Environmental Factors That Reduce Testosterone
• Radiation exposure
• Pesticides
• Heavy metals
• Plastics containing phthalates
• Sedentary lifestyle
Minimizing exposure helps protect hormonal health.
Testosterone Cheat Sheet (Quick Overview)
Feature Male Female
Production site Testes Ovaries
Normal levels 300–1000 ng/dL 15–70 ng/dL
Key functions Sexual traits, fertility, muscle Libido, bone health
Disorders Hypogonadism PCOS
Age changes Drop after 30 years Drop after menopause
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can women take testosterone supplements?
Only under medical supervision — for specific conditions like low libido, menopause-related complications, or hormone imbalance.
2 vWhat is the best age for testosterone levels?
Peak levels occur during ages 18–25.
3. Can low testosterone cause infertility?
Yes. Low testosterone leads to reduced sperm count and erectile dysfunction.
4. Can lifestyle alone fix low testosterone?
In mild cases — weight loss, exercise, stress management, and good sleep can significantly improve levels. Severe hypogonadism requires medical treatment.
5. Are testosterone boosters safe?
Most over-the-counter boosters lack evidence and may harm the liver or hormones. Always consult a doctor.
6. How often should testosterone be tested?
If symptoms exist, test twice, 1–2 weeks apart, in the morning.
7. Can high testosterone cause hair loss?
Yes — male-pattern baldness is linked to testosterone conversion into DHT (Dihydrotestosterone).
Conclusion
Testosterone is a vital hormone in both men and women — supporting sexual function, muscle strength, bone health, mental well-being, and energy levels. Maintaining balanced testosterone through a healthy lifestyle, regular check-ups, and appropriate medical care is essential for long-term health.
If you experience symptoms of imbalance — consult a healthcare provider for testing and management.
I hope that you liked this article.
Thanks!! 🙏 😊
Writer: Vandita Singh, Lucknow (GS India Nursing Group)