Common causes of infertility into females
A. Overy dysfunction
B. Hormonal imbalance
C. Uterine abnormality
D. Pelvic Inflammatory
Correct Answer : A. Overy dysfunction
Explanation
Common causes of infertility in females can be grouped into several major categories:
1. Ovulatory disorders (most common cause)
These affect the release of an egg from the ovary.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Hormonal imbalance (FSH, LH, prolactin, thyroid disorders)
- Premature ovarian failure / early menopause
- Stress, excessive exercise, obesity or underweight
2. Tubal factors
Damage or blockage of the fallopian tubes prevents fertilization.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- Genital tuberculosis
- Previous pelvic or abdominal surgery
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Endometriosis causing tubal adhesions
3. Uterine causes
Problems with the uterus that interfere with implantation.
- Uterine fibroids (especially submucosal)
- Congenital uterine anomalies
- Asherman syndrome (intrauterine adhesions)
- Adenomyosis
- Chronic endometritis
4. Cervical factors
Affect sperm entry into the uterus.
- Cervical stenosis
- Hostile cervical mucus
- Chronic cervicitis
- Congenital cervical abnormalities
5. Endometriosis
- Endometrial tissue outside the uterus causes inflammation, adhesions, and impaired fertility.
6. Age-related infertility
- Decline in ovarian reserve and egg quality, especially after 35 years.
7. Lifestyle and environmental factors
- Smoking, alcohol, and drug use
- Poor nutrition
- Exposure to toxins and radiation
8. Unexplained infertility
- No identifiable cause despite normal investigations.
👉 Summary: The most common causes are ovulatory disorders, tubal blockage (often due to infection or TB), uterine abnormalities, and endometriosis.
Other Options Details
Here’s a detailed description of all the options you listed, which are common causes of female infertility or reproductive issues:
A. Ovarian Dysfunction
- Definition: Ovarian dysfunction refers to problems with the ovaries that prevent normal ovulation (release of eggs).
- Causes: This can be due to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, or aging-related decline in ovarian function.
- Impact on fertility: Without regular ovulation, fertilization cannot occur, leading to difficulty in conceiving.
B. Hormonal Imbalance
- Definition: Hormonal imbalance occurs when the levels of reproductive hormones (like FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, or thyroid hormones) are abnormal.
- Causes: Conditions like thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, or adrenal disorders can disrupt hormone levels.
- Impact on fertility: Hormonal imbalances can lead to irregular or absent menstrual cycles, preventing ovulation and making conception difficult.
C. Uterine Abnormality
- Definition: Structural or functional abnormalities of the uterus that interfere with implantation or pregnancy maintenance.
- Examples: Uterine fibroids, septate uterus, adhesions (Asherman syndrome), or congenital malformations.
- Impact on fertility: These abnormalities may prevent a fertilized egg from implanting or increase the risk of miscarriage.
D. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
- Definition: PID is an infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted bacteria like Chlamydia or Gonococcus.
- Impact on fertility: PID can cause scarring and blockage of the fallopian tubes, adhesions, or chronic pelvic pain, which significantly reduces the chance of natural conception.
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Writer: Vandita Singh,Lucknow (GS India Nursing Group