Glaucoma: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. Often referred to as the “silent thief of sight,” it can progress without noticeable symptoms until significant vision loss has occurred. This article explores glaucoma in detail—its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, prevention tips, and treatment options. Understanding glaucoma is essential for early detection and management to preserve your vision.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, usually due to increased pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure or IOP). The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. When this nerve becomes damaged, it leads to progressive and irreversible vision loss.
There are several types of glaucoma, but the most common ones include:
Types of Glaucoma
1. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma (POAG):
• Most common type.
• Develops slowly over time.
• No early warning signs.
• Caused by inefficient drainage of eye fluid, leading to high eye pressure.
2. Angle-Closure Glaucoma (ACG):
• Less common but more severe.
• Sudden increase in eye pressure.
• Requires immediate medical attention.
• Caused by blocked drainage canals.
3. Normal-Tension Glaucoma:
• Optic nerve damage occurs despite normal eye pressure.
• Cause may involve poor blood flow or a sensitive optic nerves
4. Congenital Glaucoma:
• Present at birth.
• Caused by abnormal development of the eye’s drainage system.
5. Secondary Glaucoma:
Result of another medical condition or trauma (e.g., diabetes, eye injury, cataract surgery).
Causes of Glaucoma
Glaucoma can result from various causes, most commonly linked to elevated intraocular pressure. Some causes include:
1. Increased Intraocular Pressure (IOP):
• The eye produces a fluid called aqueous humor.
• When the fluid doesn’t drain properly, it builds up and raises IOP.
• High IOP can damage the optic nerve over time.
2. Family History:
• Glaucoma often runs in families.
• If you have a first-degree relative with glaucoma, your risk increases significantly.
3. Age:
• Risk increases with age, especially after 40.
• People over 60 are at even higher risk.
4. Medical Conditions:
Diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and hypothyroidism can contribute to glaucoma.
5. Eye Injuries and Surgery:
Trauma or surgical complications can block drainage or increase pressure.
6. Corticosteroid Use:
Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications can increase eye pressure.
Signs and Symptoms of Glaucoma
Glaucoma can be asymptomatic in its early stages, especially in the case of open-angle glaucoma. Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity.
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Symptoms:
• Gradual loss of peripheral (side) vision.
• Tunnel vision in advanced stages.
• No pain or discomfort in early stages.
•Angle-Closure Glaucoma Symptoms (
