Trichomoniasis: Causes, Signs and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
Introduction
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It is one of the most common curable STIs worldwide, affecting both men and women, though women tend to show symptoms more often. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of new cases occur every year, making it a significant public health concern.
This article explores what Trichomoniasis is, its causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, prevention strategies, and treatment options.
What is Trichomoniasis?
Trichomoniasis (often called “trich”) is an infection caused by a single-celled protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. It lives in the urogenital tract and is transmitted primarily through sexual contact.
• In women, it commonly infects the vagina, cervix, and urethra.
• In men, it often affects the urethra but can also infect the prostate gland.
Key Facts:
• It is highly contagious through unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex.
• Many people (especially men) have no symptoms, yet can still spread the infection.
• If untreated, it may increase the risk of acquiring other STIs, including HIV.
Causes of Trichomoniasis
The primary cause of Trichomoniasis is infection with the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis.
Mode of Transmission
Unprotected sexual intercourse (vaginal, and less commonly, anal or oral)
• Sharing sex toys without proper cleaning or protection
• From mother to baby during childbirth (rare)
The parasite cannot survive in the mouth or rectum for long and does not spread via toilet seats or casual contact.
Risk Factors
Some people are more likely to get infected due to:
• Having multiple sexual partners
• Engaging in unprotected sex
• Previous history of STIs
Weakened immune system
• Being in sexually active age groups, especially 15–49 years
Signs and Symptoms of Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis symptoms vary and may appear 5 to 28 days after infection, or sometimes much later.
In Women
Vaginal discharge – often frothy, yellow-green, with a strong, unpleasant odor
• Vaginal itching and irritation
• Pain during urination (dysuria)
• Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
• Redness and swelling of the vulva and vaginal walls
In Men
• Urethral discharge – clear or whitish
• Burning sensation during urination
• Itching or irritation inside the penis
• Pain after ejaculation (less common)
Asymptomatic Cases
• Around 70% of infected people have no noticeable symptoms.
• Asymptomatic individuals can still transmit the infection.
Complications of Untreated Trichomoniasis
• If not treated in time, Trichomoniasis can lead to:
• Increased risk of HIV transmission and acquisition
• Pregnancy complications – premature birth, low birth weight
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women
Prostatitis or epididymitis in men
Diagnosis of Trichomoniasis
Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications and transmission.
1. Physical Examination
Checking for vaginal redness, frothy discharge, or urethral irritation.
2. Laboratory Tests
Microscopy (Wet Mount Test) – Direct examination of vaginal or urethral fluid under a microscope to detect the parasite.
• Culture Test – Growing the parasite in special media; more sensitive than microscopy.
• Antigen Tests – Detect proteins specific to T. vaginalis.
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) – Highly accurate and detect the parasite’s DNA.
Prevention of Trichomoniasis
Since Trichomoniasis spreads mainly through sexual contact, prevention focuses on safe sexual practices.
Key Preventive Measures
1. Use Condoms Consistently
Latex or polyurethane condoms reduce risk.
2. Limit Sexual Partners
Reduce exposure risk by avoiding multiple partners.
3. Get Regular STI Screenings
Especially if sexually active with new or multiple partners.
4. Avoid Sharing Sex Toys
If shared, clean thoroughly and use condoms over toys.
5. Partner Notification and Treatment
If diagnosed, inform all sexual partners so they can get tested and treated.
Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Trichomoniasis is curable with proper medication.
1. Antibiotic Therapy
Metronidazole or Tinidazole (oral tablets) are the drugs of choice.
Usually given as:
• Single high dose (2 grams in one go) OR
• Lower dose for 5–7 days
Important: Both sexual partners must be treated at the same time to prevent reinfection.
2. Avoid Alcohol
Do not consume alcohol during and 24–72 hours after treatment with these drugs (risk of severe nausea and vomiting).
3. Retesting
Retest after 3 months to ensure the infection has cleared.
Prognosis
With prompt treatment, prognosis is excellent. However, reinfection is common if partners are untreated or if safe sex practices are not followed.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Trichomoniasis
Q1: Can Trichomoniasis go away without treatment?
No, it will not clear on its own. Treatment with prescribed antibiotics is necessary.
Q2: Can you get Trichomoniasis from a toilet seat?
No, the parasite cannot survive on hard surfaces long enough to cause infection.
Q3: How long after exposure do symptoms appear?
Usually within 5 to 28 days, but it can be longer.
Q4: Is Trichomoniasis dangerous during pregnancy?
Yes, it can cause premature birth and low birth weight. Pregnant women should get tested and treated.
Q5: Can I get Trichomoniasis again after treatment?
Yes, reinfection is possible if exposed again.
Conclusion
Trichomoniasis is a common, curable sexually transmitted infection that often goes unnoticed due to its asymptomatic nature. However, early diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and further spread. Practicing safe sex, regular STI screening, and prompt medical care are the best ways to protect yourself and your partner.
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Writer: Vandita Singh, Lucknow (GS India Nursing Group