In this article we studied golden exam point that is important for all nursing competitive exams:
- Hematemesis is blood in vomitus.
- CAGE questionnaire is used in the clinical diagnosis of alcohol dependence and abuse.
- Normal portal vein pressure is: 5-10 mm Hg or 10-15 cm of water.
- Ground glass hepatocytes are seen in chronic viral hepatitis.
- Wilson’s disease is a disorder of copper metabolism.
- McBurney’s point is located in right lower quadrant of abdomen.It is situated at one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel).
- Heartburn regurgitation and dysphagia are classical signs of GERD (gastroesophageal reflex disease).
- Billroth I Surgery (Gastroduodenostomy) involves partial gastrectomy with removal of the distal two-third of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the duodenum.
- Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is rare condition characterized by severe peptic ulceration, gastric acid hyper secretion, elevated gastrin level and gastrinoma of pancreas.
- Antacid neutralizes the hydrachloric acid secretion in stomach.
- Billroth I Surgery (Gastrojejunostomy) involves partial gastrectomy with removal of the distal two-third of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the jejunum.
- Hemochromatosis refers to abnormal accumulation of iron in various organs.
- Waist to hip ratio <0.8 is normal, if greater,it indicates high risk or obesity.
- Curling’s ulcer is a complication of burn. It is a type of gastroduodenal ulcer caused by a generalized stress response resulting in decreased production of mucus and increased gastric acid secretion.
- Catheter is placed in subclavian and jugular vein for providing parenteral nutrition.
- The complication of GERD is Barrett’s esophagus. It is considered precancerous lesion for esophageal cancer.
- Distended abdomen and absence of bowel sound after abdominal surgery indicate paralytic ileus.
- Nissen and toupet fundoplications are common surgical procedures for the treatment of GERD.
- Halitosis is foul smelling of breath.
- The average distance from the incisor teeth to the top of the stomach is 38 to 40 cm in men and 36 to 38 cm in women.
- The microorganism closely associated with dental cavities is streptococcus sanguis.
- Parotid is the largest salivary gland.
- Submaxillary gland is the gland with longest duct .
- Glossitis is inflammation of the tongue.
- Inflammation of mouth is called stomatitis.
- Iron absorption occurs in duodenum.
- Leiomyoma is the most common type of benign esophageal tumor.
- Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of malignant tumor of esophagus.
- Strongest layer of gut is submucosa.
- Caecum is the thinnest muscular wall; most vulnerable for perforation; least vulnerable for obstruction.
- Caecum is the widest portion of the colon.
- Narrowest part of large intestine is sigmoid colon.
- Ascending colon is the shortest part of colon.
- Area of colon least visualized by barium studies is sigmoid colon.
- First organ to be affected in CA stomach is liver .
- H. Pylori is a risk factor for intestinal type of CA stomach.
- Urea breath test in exhaled breath is used to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori.
- Cullen’s sign–hemorrhagic pancreatitis.
- Mirizzi’s syndrome: gallstone gets impacted in the cystic duct or neck of the gallbladder and causes compression of the common Bile Duct.
- Murphy’s signs: patient cannot take deep breath when examiner’s hand passed below the hepatic margin because of the pain the patient felt in cholecystitis.
- Adhesion is the union of two opposing tissue surfaces.
- Volvulus refers to abnormal twisting of a part of the large or small intestine.
- Intussusception is a condition in which one segment of intestine slips into another portion located below it, just like telescope.
- Current jelly-like stools are feature of Intussusception (intestine telescope into itself).
- Hirschsprung’s disease is an aganglionic disease. It is a congenital defect of the intestinal tract which causes inadequate motility.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
- Low-residue, low-fiber diet is recommended for a patient with ulceration colitis.
- Celiac disease is treated with lifelong avoidance of dietary gluten.
- The hallmark of Wilson disease is corneal Kayser-fleischer rings.
- Grey Turner sign and Cullen’s sign are signs of pancreatitis.
- Whipple procedure (radical pancreaticoduodenectomy) is classic surgery for pancreatic cancer.
- Rapid removal of fluids from the abdominal cavity during paracentesis leads to decreased abdominal pressure which can cause vasodilation and shock.
- In case of airway obstruction tube needs to be cut to relieve pressure in the oropharynx.
- Patient receiving lactulose for the management of hepatic encephalopathy and coma should be closely monitored for watery stool which indicates medication overdose.
- Hepatitis B is caused by DNA virus and all other hepatitis is caused by RNA virus.
- Pernicious anemia is a long-term complication of total gastrectomy.
- Inflammation bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
- Ulcerative colitis is a disease of colon and rectum, it starts in the rectum and moves in a continual toward the cecum.
- Crohn’s disease involves all layer of the bowel wall and can occur anywhere in the GI tract from mouth to the anus.
- Hematochezia is passage of fresh blood through rectum.
- Oral erythromycin and neomycin are given in preoperative time of gastric surgery to reduce the number of bacteria and prevent post-operative complication.
- A barium enema is used to determine narrowing or obstruction of the colonic lumen.
- Clinical manifestation of fat malabsorption is steatorrhea. It is a foul smelling, yellow,gray,greasy stools with putty-like consistency.